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Women in the Australian Senate

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There have been 122 women in the Australian Senate since the establishment of the Parliament of Australia. Women have had the right to stand for federal parliament since 1902, and there were three female candidates for the Senate at the 1903 federal election (Vida Goldstein, Nellie Martel, and Mary Moore-Bentley). However, it was not until Dorothy Tangney's victory at the 1943 federal election that a woman was elected. Since then, all states and territories have had multiple female senators – in chronological order: Western Australia (1943), Queensland (1947), Victoria (1950), South Australia (1955), Tasmania (1975), the Australian Capital Territory (1975), New South Wales (1987), and the Northern Territory (1998).

History

[edit]
Dame Dorothy Tangney, the first woman in the Australian Senate

The passage of the Commonwealth Franchise Act allowed women to both vote and stand for election to the Parliament of Australia.[1][2] Three women stood unsuccessfully as independents or as representatives of minor parties for election to the Senate for the 1903 election. Nellie Martel and Mary Ann Moore-Bentley of New South Wales ran, each earning around 18,000 votes, with the leading man winning roughly 190,000 votes.[3] Vida Goldstein, from Victoria, ran and gained 51,497 votes, which was roughly half the votes the winning man gained.[3] She then ran unsuccessfully again in 1910 and 1917 after a short stint attempting to breakthrough into the House of Representatives.[3] In 1919, Mary McMahon of NSW ran unsuccessfully, and was not followed by another woman candidate until 1934 saw Lillie Beirne (NSW) and Joanna Helbach (QLD) run.[3] Following this, Jeanne Young of Western Australia ran in 1937 and Adela Walsh (NSW) and Dorothy Tangney (WA) ran in 1940.[3] However, women were not successful in entering federal politics until World War II. The major parties did not endorse any female candidates for the Senate before the War.

The first woman to be elected to the Senate was Labor representative Dorothy Tangney in 1943; she represented Western Australia.[3] Following Tangney's entry into politics, the Senate has continuously had women members. However, despite the success, the number of women running continued to fluctuate drastically. Prior to 1981, the proportion of women running as candidates peaked at 20% in 1977 but had a low of only 1.3% in 1953.[4] Between the years 1943 and 1969, there were only five elections of women and Enid Lyons accounted for three of these in the House of Representatives.[5] Despite this, 41 women were elected into the Senate between 1943 and 1980.[4] The proportion of women in the Senate can be seen over a long time period to have drastically grown, with the 1948 Senate being composed of 5.6% women, 14.1% in 1980, 23.7% in 1990, 28.9% in 2002, and 53% in 2021.[6]

The second woman elected to the Senate, Annabelle Rankin, also achieved a number of firsts for women: she was the first female Whip, and she was the first woman with a federal portfolio when she became Minister for Housing in 1966. In 1975, Margaret Guilfoyle became the first female cabinet minister with a portfolio. In 1996 Margaret Reid was the first woman elected as President of the Senate.[7]

Women in the Senate have made significant changes to Australian law which have benefited women. For example, a private member's bill written by Senator Susan Ryan was crucial to the development of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for Women) Act 1986, the Public Service Reform Act 1984 and the Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities) Act 1987.

With the appointment of Sarah Henderson to the Senate on 11 September 2019, the number of women in the chamber was equal to the number of men for the first time in history.[8] With the resignation of Richard Di Natale and the appointment of Lidia Thorpe on 4 September 2020, the number of women (39) exceeded the number of men (37) for the first time.

List of women in the Australian Senate

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Names in bold type indicate Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries. Names in italics indicate appointments made under section 15 of the Constitution, or through disqualification. Names marked with an asterisk (*) also served in the House of Representatives. Where no closing date is shown, the Senator's term of service is unexpired.

Portrait Name
(lifespan) 		State Term How ended Party
Term start Term end
Sen. Tangney Dorothy Tangney

(1907–1985)

Western Australia WA 21 August 1943 30 June 1968 Defeated Labor
Sen. Rankin Annabelle Rankin

(1908–1986)

Queensland Qld 1 July 1947 24 April 1971 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Robertson Agnes Robertson

(1882–1968)

Western Australia WA 22 February 1950 30 June 1962 Retired Liberal
Independent
Australian Country Party
Sen. Wedgwood Ivy Wedgwood

(1896–1975)

Victoria (state) Vic 22 February 1950 30 June 1971 Retired Liberal
Sen. Buttfield Nancy Buttfield

(1912–2005)

South Australia SA 11 October 1955 30 June 1965 Defeated Liberal
1 July 1968 11 April 1974 Retired
Sen. Breen Marie Breen

(1902–1993)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 1962 30 June 1968 Retired Liberal
Sen. Guilfoyle Margaret Guilfoyle

(1926–2020)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 1971 5 June 1987 Retired Liberal
Ruth Coleman

(1931–2008)

Western Australia WA 18 May 1974 5 June 1987 Retired Labor
Sen. Melzer Jean Melzer

(1926–2013)

Victoria (state) Vic 18 May 1974 30 June 1981 Defeated Labor
Kathy Sullivan*

(born 1942)

Queensland Qld 18 May 1974 5 November 1984 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Ryan Susan Ryan

(1942–2020)

Australian Capital Territory ACT 13 December 1975 29 January 1988 Resigned Labor
Shirley Walters

(1925–2017)

Tasmania Tas 13 December 1975 30 June 1993 Retired Liberal
Sen. Haines Janine Haines

(1945–2004)

South Australia SA 14 December 1977 30 June 1978 Retired Democrats
1 July 1981 1 March 1990 Resigned
Jean Hearn

(1921–2017)

Tasmania Tas 15 October 1980 30 June 1985 Retired Labor
Sen. Bjelke-Petersen Florence Bjelke-Petersen

(1920–2017)

Queensland Qld 12 March 1981 30 June 1993 Retired National
Sen. Reid Margaret Reid

(born 1935)

Australian Capital Territory ACT 5 May 1981 14 February 2003 Resigned Liberal
Patricia Giles

(1928–2017)

Western Australia WA 1 July 1981 30 June 1993 Retired Labor
Sen. Crowley Rosemary Crowley

(born 1938)

South Australia SA 5 March 1983 30 June 2002 Retired Labor
Margaret Reynolds

(born 1941)

Queensland Qld 5 March 1983 30 June 1999 Retired Labor
Olive Zakharov

(1929–1995)

Victoria (state) Vic 5 March 1983 6 March 1995 Died Labor
Sue Knowles

(born 1951)

Western Australia WA 1 December 1984 30 June 2005 Retired Liberal
Sen. Vanstone Amanda Vanstone

(born 1952)

South Australia SA 1 December 1984 26 April 2007 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Vallentine Jo Vallentine

(born 1946)

Western Australia WA 1 July 1985 31 January 1992 Resigned Nuclear Disarmament Party
Independent
Greens WA
Jocelyn Newman

(1937–2018)

Tasmania Tas 13 March 1986 1 February 2002 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Powell Janet Powell

(1942–2013)

Victoria (state) Vic 26 August 1986 30 June 1993 Defeated Democrats
Independent
Sue West

(born 1947)

New South Wales NSW 11 February 1987 5 June 1987 Defeated Labor
1 July 1990 30 June 2002 Retired
Sen. Bishop Bronwyn Bishop*

(born 1942)

New South Wales NSW 11 July 1987 24 February 1994 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Jenkins Jean Jenkins

(born 1938)

Western Australia WA 11 July 1987 30 June 1990 Defeated Democrats
Sen. Patterson Kay Patterson

(born 1944)

Victoria (state) Vic 11 July 1987 30 June 2008 Retired Liberal
Irina Dunn

(born 1948)

New South Wales NSW 21 July 1988 30 June 1990 Defeated Nuclear Disarmament Party
Independent
Meg Lees

(born 1948)

South Australia SA 4 April 1990 30 June 2005 Defeated Democrats
Vicki Bourne

(born 1954)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 1990 30 June 2002 Defeated Democrats
Cheryl Kernot*

(born 1948

Queensland Qld 1 July 1990 15 October 1997 Resigned Democrats
Karin Sowada

(born 1961)

New South Wales NSW 29 August 1991 30 June 1993 Defeated Democrats
Sen. Chamarette Christabel Chamarette

(born 1948)

Western Australia WA 12 March 1992 30 June 1996 Defeated Greens WA
Sen. Margetts Dee Margetts

(born 1955)

Western Australia WA 1 July 1993 30 June 1999 Defeated Greens WA
Sen. Troeth Judith Troeth

(born 1940)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 1993 30 June 2011 Retired Liberal
Kay Denman

(born 1937)

Tasmania Tas 24 August 1993 30 June 2005 Retired Labor
Belinda Neal*

(born 1963)

New South Wales NSW 8 March 1994 3 September 1998 Resigned Labor
Sen. Collins Jacinta Collins

(born 1962)

Victoria (state) Victoria 3 May 1995 30 June 2005 Defeated Labor
8 May 2008 15 February 2019 Resigned
Sen. Despoja Natasha Stott Despoja

(born 1969)

South Australia SA 29 November 1995 30 June 2008 Retired Democrats
Sen. Lundy Kate Lundy

(born 1967)

Australian Capital Territory ACT 2 March 1996 24 March 2015 Resigned Labor
Sue Mackay

(born 1960)

Tasmania Tas 8 March 1996 27 June 2005 Resigned Labor
Sen. Allison Lyn Allison

(born 1946)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 1996 30 June 2008 Defeated Democrats
Sen. Coonan Helen Coonan

(born 1947)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 1996 22 August 2011 Resigned Liberal
Jeannie Ferris

(1941-2007)

South Australia SA 1 July 1996 2 April 2007 Died Liberal
Brenda Gibbs

(born 1947)

Queensland Qld 1 July 1996 30 June 2002 Defeated Labor
Sen. Payne Marise Payne

(born 1964)

New South Wales NSW 9 April 1997 30 September 2023 Resigned Liberal
Karen Synon

(born 1959)

Victoria (state) Vic 13 May 1997 30 June 1999 Defeated Liberal
Sen. Crossin Trish Crossin

(born 1956)

Northern Territory NT 16 June 1998 6 September 2013 Retired Labor
Jan McLucas

(born 1958)

Queensland Qld 1 July 1999 9 May 2016 Retired Labor
Linda Kirk

(born 1967)

South Australia SA 1 July 2002 30 June 2008 Retired Labor
Sen. Moore Claire Moore

(born 1956)

Queensland Qld 1 July 2002 30 June 2019 Retired Labor
Sen. Nettle Kerry Nettle

(born 1973)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2002 30 June 2008 Defeated Greens
Ursula Stephens

(born 1954)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2002 30 June 2014 Defeated Labor
Ruth Webber

(born 1965)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2002 30 June 2008 Defeated Labor
Sen. Wong Penny Wong

(born 1968)

South Australia SA 1 July 2002 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Fierravanti-Wells Concetta Fierravanti-Wells

(born 1960)

New South Wales NSW 5 May 2005 30 June 2022 Retired Liberal
Judith Adams

(1943-2012)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2005 31 March 2012 Died Liberal
Annette Hurley

(born 1955)

South Australia SA 1 July 2005 30 June 2011 Retired Labor
Sen. McEwen Anne McEwen

(born 1954)

South Australia SA 1 July 2005 2 July 2016 Retired Labor
Sen. Milne Christine Milne

(born 1953)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2005 10 August 2015 Resigned Greens
Sen. Nash Fiona Nash

(born 1965)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2005 27 October 2017 election voided National
Helen Polley

(born 1957)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2005 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Siewert Rachel Siewert

(born 1961)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2005 6 September 2021 Resigned Greens
Dana Wortley

(born 1959)

South Australia SA 1 July 2005 30 June 2011 Defeated Labor
Sen. Brown Carol Brown

(born 1965)

Tasmania Tas 25 August 2005 present Incumbent Labor
Sue Boyce

(born 1951)

Queensland Qld 19 April 2007 30 June 2014 Retired Liberal
Mary Jo Fisher

(born 1962)

South Australia SA 6 June 2007 14 August 2012 Resigned Liberal
Sen. Bilyk Catryna Bilyk

(born 1959)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2008 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Cash Michaelia Cash

(born 1970)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2008 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Hanson-Young Sarah Hanson-Young

(born 1981)

South Australia SA 1 July 2008 present Incumbent Greens
Helen Kroger

(born 1959)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 2008 30 June 2014 Defeated Liberal
Sen. Pratt Louise Pratt

(born 1972)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2008 30 June 2014 Defeated Labor
2 July 2016 present Incumbent
Sen. McKenzie Bridget McKenzie

(born 1969)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 2011 present Incumbent National
Sen. Rhiannon Lee Rhiannon

(born 1951)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2011 15 August 2018 Resigned Greens
Sen. Singh Lisa Singh

(born 1972)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2011 30 June 2019 Defeated Labor
Anne Urquhart

(born 1957)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2011 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Waters Larissa Waters

(born 1977)

Queensland Qld 1 July 2011 18 July 2017 Resigned Greens
6 September 2018 present Incumbent
Sen. Wright Penny Wright

(born 1968)

South Australia SA 1 July 2011 9 September 2015 Resigned Greens
Lin Thorp

(born 1953)

Tasmania Tas 20 June 2012 30 June 2014 Defeated Labor
Sen. Ruston Anne Ruston

(born 1967)

South Australia SA 5 September 2012 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Lines Sue Lines

(born 1953)

Western Australia WA 15 May 2013 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Peris Nova Peris

(born 1971)

Northern Territory NT 7 September 2013 9 May 2016 Retired Labor
Sen. O'Neill Deborah O'Neill*

(born 1961)

New South Wales NSW 13 November 2013 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Lambie Jacqui Lambie

(born 1971)

Tasmania Tas. 1 July 2014 14 November 2017 Resigned Palmer United
Independent
Lambie Network
1 July 2019 present Incumbent
Sen. Reynolds Linda Reynolds

(born 1965)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2014 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Rice Janet Rice

(born 1960)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 2014 19 April 2024 Resigned Greens
Sen. Gallagher Katy Gallagher

(born 1970)

Australian Capital Territory ACT 26 March 2015 9 May 2018 Resigned Labor
18 May 2019 present incumbent
Sen. McAllister Jenny McAllister

(born 1973)

New South Wales NSW 6 May 2015 present Incumbent Labor
Joanna Lindgren

(born 1969)

Queensland Qld 21 May 2015 2 July 2016 Defeated Liberal National
Sen. Hanson Pauline Hanson*

(born 1954)

Queensland Qld 2 July 2016 present Incumbent One Nation
Sen. Hume Jane Hume

(born 1971)

Victoria (state) Vic 2 July 2016 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Kakoschke-Moore Skye Kakoschke-Moore

(born 1985)

South Australia SA 2 July 2016 22 November 2017 Resigned Xenophon Team
Sen. McCarthy Malarndirri McCarthy

(born 1970)

Northern Territory NT 2 July 2016 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Kitching Kimberley Kitching

(1970–2022)

Victoria (state) Vic 25 October 2016 10 March 2022 Died Labor
Sen. Gichuhi Lucy Gichuhi

(born 1962)

South Australia SA 19 April 2017 30 June 2019 Defeated Family First
Independent
Liberal
Sen. Keneally Kristina Keneally

(born 1968)

New South Wales NSW 14 February 2018 13 April 2022 Resigned Labor
Sen. Stoker Amanda Stoker

(born 1980)

Queensland Qld 21 March 2018 30 June 2022 Defeated Liberal National
Sen. Faruqi Mehreen Faruqi

(born 1963)

New South Wales NSW 15 August 2018 present Incumbent Greens
Wendy Askew

(born 1963)

Tasmania Tas 6 March 2019 present Incumbent Liberal
Sam McMahon

(born 1967)

Northern Territory NT 18 May 2019 21 May 2022 Defeated Country Liberal
Claire Chandler

(born 1990)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Liberal
Perin Davey

(born 1972)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2019 present Incumbent National
Nita Green

(born 1983)

Queensland Qld 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Labor
Hollie Hughes

(born 1975)

New South Wales NSW 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Liberal
Susan McDonald

(born 1970)

Queensland Qld 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Liberal National
Marielle Smith

(born 1986)

South Australia SA 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Walsh Jess Walsh

(born 1971)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 2019 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Henderson Sarah Henderson*

(born 1964)

Victoria (state) Vic 11 September 2019 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Thorpe Lidia Thorpe

(born 1973)

Victoria (state) Vic 4 September 2020 present Incumbent Greens
Independent
Sen. Cox Dorinda Cox

(born 1976)

Western Australia WA 14 September 2021 present Incumbent Greens
Karen Grogan

(born ?)

South Australia SA 21 September 2021 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Stewart Jana Stewart

(born 1987)

Victoria (state) Vic 6 April 2022 present Incumbent Labor
Sen. Price Jacinta Nampijinpa Price

(born 1980)

Northern Territory NT 21 May 2022 present Incumbent Country Liberal
Sen. Allman-Payne Penny Allman-Payne

(born 1970)

Queensland Qld 1 July 2022 present Incumbent Greens
Sen. Liddle Kerrynne Liddle

(born 1967)

South Australia SA 1 July 2022 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Payman Fatima Payman

(born 1995)

Western Australia WA 1 July 2022 present Incumbent Labor
Independent
Sen. Pocock Barbara Pocock

(born 1955)

South Australia SA 1 July 2022 present Incumbent Greens
Sen. Tyrrell Tammy Tyrrell

(born 1970)

Tasmania Tas 1 July 2022 present Incumbent Lambie Network
Independent
Sen. White Linda White

(born 1959/1960)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 July 2022 29 February 2024 Died Labor
Sen. Kovacic Maria Kovacic

(born 1970)

New South Wales NSW 31 May 2023 present Incumbent Liberal
Sen. Hodgins-May Steph Hodgins-May

(born 1985)

Victoria (state) Vic 1 May 2024 present Incumbent Greens
Lisa Darmanin

(born ?)

Victoria (state) Vic 29 May 2024 present Incumbent Labor

Timeline

[edit]
Lisa Darmanin (politician)Steph Hodgins-MayMaria KovacicLinda WhiteTammy TyrrellBarbara PocockFatima PaymanKerrynne LiddlePenny Allman-PayneJacinta Nampijinpa PriceJana StewartKaren GroganDorinda CoxLidia ThorpeSarah HendersonJess WalshMarielle SmithSusan McDonaldHollie Hughes (politician)Nita GreenPerin DaveyClaire ChandlerSam McMahonWendy AskewMehreen FaruqiAmanda StokerKristina KeneallyLucy GichuhiKimberley KitchingMalarndirri McCarthySkye Kakoschke-MooreJane HumePauline HansonJoanna LindgrenJenny McAllisterKaty GallagherJanet RiceLinda ReynoldsJacqui LambieDeborah O'NeillNova PerisSue LinesAnne RustonLin ThorpPenny WrightLarissa WatersAnne UrquhartLisa SinghLee RhiannonBridget McKenzieLouise PrattHelen KrogerSarah Hanson-YoungMichaelia CashCatryna BilykMary Jo FisherSue BoyceCarol BrownDana WortleyRachel SiewertHelen PolleyFiona NashChristine MilneAnne McEwenAnnette HurleyJudith AdamsConcetta Fierravanti-WellsPenny WongRuth WebberUrsula StephensKerry NettleClaire MooreLinda KirkJan McLucasTrish CrossinKaren SynonMarise PayneBrenda GibbsJeannie FerrisHelen CoonanLyn AllisonSue MackayKate LundyNatasha Stott DespojaJacinta CollinsBelinda NealKay DenmanJudith TroethDee MargettsChristabel ChamaretteKarin SowadaCheryl KernotVicki BourneMeg LeesIrina DunnKay PattersonJean Jenkins (politician)Bronwyn BishopSue WestJanet PowellJocelyn NewmanJo VallentineAmanda VanstoneSusan KnowlesOlive ZakharovMargaret ReynoldsRosemary CrowleyPatricia GilesMargaret Reid (politician)Flo Bjelke-PetersenJean HearnJanine HainesShirley WaltersSusan RyanKathy Sullivan (Australian politician)Jean MelzerRuth ColemanMargaret GuilfoyleMarie BreenNancy ButtfieldIvy WedgwoodAgnes RobertsonAnnabelle RankinDorothy Tangney

Proportion of women in the Senate

[edit]

Numbers and proportions are as they were directly after the beginning of Senate terms and do not take into account deaths, resignations, appointments, defections or other changes in membership. As senators typically serve six-year terms, in the absence of a double dissolution, the numbers of female senators overlap two "terms". State-based Coalition parties that caucus with one of the major parties (Liberal National Party, Country Liberal Party) have been included in the Liberals' or Nationals' totals.

Term Labor Liberal National Democrats Greens Others Total
Women Total % Women Total % Women Total % Women Total % Women Total % Women Total % Women Total %
1944–1947 1 22 4.5% 0 12 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 1 36 2.8%
1947–1950 1 33 3.0% 1 2 50.0% 0 1 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 2 36 5.6%
1950–1951 1 34 2.9% 3 21 14.3% 0 5 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 4 60 6.7%
1951–1953 1 28 3.6% 3 26 11.5% 0 6 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 4 60 6.7%
1953–1956 1 29 3.4% 3 26 11.5% 0 5 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 4 60 6.7%
1956–1959 1 28 3.6% 3 24 12.5% 1 6 16.7% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 5 60 8.3%
1959–1962 1 26 3.8% 3 25 12.0% 1 7 14.3% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 5 60 8.3%
1962–1965 1 28 3.6% 4 24 16.7% 0 6 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 5 60 8.3%
1965–1968 1 27 3.7% 3 23 13.0% 0 7 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 3 0.0% 4 60 6.7%
1968–1971 0 27 0.0% 3 21 14.2% 0 7 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 5 0.0% 3 60 5.0%
1971–1974 0 26 0.0% 2 21 9.5% 0 5 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 8 0.0% 2 60 3.3%
1974–1975 2 29 6.9% 2 23 8.7% 0 6 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 4 60 6.7%
1975–1978 3 27 11.1% 3 27 11.1% 0 8 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 6 64 9.4%
1978–1981 3 27 11.1% 3 28 10.7% 0 6 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 1 0.0% 6 64 9.4%
1981–1983 4 27 14.8% 4 28 14.3% 1 3 33.3% 1 5 20.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 1 0.0% 10 64 15.6%
1983–1984 7 30 23.3% 4 24 16.7% 1 4 25.0% 1 5 20.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 1 0.0% 13 64 20.3%
1984–1987 6 34 17.6% 5 28 17.9% 1 5 20.0% 1 7 14.3% 0 0 0.0% 1 2 50.0% 14 76 18.4%
1987–1990 5 32 15.6% 7 24 29.2% 1 5 20.0% 3 7 42.9% 0 0 0.0% 1 3 33.3% 17 76 22.4%
1990–1993 5 32 15.6% 7 29 24.1% 1 5 20.0% 4 8 50.0% 1 1 100.0% 0 1 0.0% 18 76 23.7%
1993–1996 4 30 13.3% 7 30 23.3% 0 6 0.0% 3 7 42.9% 2 2 100.0% 0 1 0.0% 16 76 21.1%
1996–1999 9 29 31.0% 8 32 25.0% 0 5 0.0% 5 7 71.4% 1 2 50.0% 0 1 0.0% 23 76 30.3%
1999–2002 9 29 31.0% 9 32 28.1% 0 3 0.0% 4 9 44.4% 0 1 0.0% 0 2 0.0% 22 76 28.9%
2002–2005 10 28 35.7% 8 31 25.8% 0 4 0.0% 4 8 50.0% 1 2 50.0% 0 3 0.0% 23 76 30.3%
2005–2008 12 28 42.9% 8 33 24.2% 1 6 16.7% 2 4 50.0% 3 4 75.0% 0 1 0.0% 26 76 34.2%
2008–2011 14 32 43.8% 9 32 28.1% 1 5 20.0% 0 0 0.0% 3 5 60.0% 0 2 0.0% 27 76 35.5%
2011–2014 14 31 45.2% 8 28 28.6% 2 6 33.3% 0 0 0.0% 6 9 66.7% 0 2 0.0% 30 76 39.5%
2014–2016 14 25 56.0% 5 27 18.5% 2 6 33.3% 0 0 0.0% 7 10 70.0% 1 8 12.5% 29 76 38.2%
2016–2019 14 26 53.8% 6 24 25.0% 2 6 33.3% 0 0 0.0% 5 9 55.6% 3 11 27.3% 30 76 39.5%
2019–2022 16 26 61.5% 10 30 33.3% 4 5 80.0% 0 0 0.0% 5 9 55.6% 2 6 33.3% 37 76 48.7%
2022– 16 26 61.5% 10 26 38.5% 4 6 66.7% 0 0 0.0% 8 12 66.7% 3 6 50.0% 41 76 53.9%

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ Women in South and Western Australia voted in the 1901 election.
  2. ^ Indigenous Australian women did not achieve federal franchise in all jurisdictions until 1962, and were not required by law to enrol to vote until 1983.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sherrard, Kathleen (1943). "The Political History of Women in Australia". The Australian Quarterly. 15 (4): 36–51. doi:10.2307/20631140. JSTOR 20631140.
  4. ^ a b van Tassell, G. Lane (1981). "Recruitment of Women in Australian National Politics: A Research Note". The Australian Quarterly. 53 (3): 334–342. doi:10.2307/20635131. ISSN 0005-0091. JSTOR 20635131.
  5. ^ Cass, Deborah; Rubenstein, Kim (2021), Rubenstein, Kim (ed.), "Representation/s of Women in the Australian Constitutional System", Traversing the Divide, Honouring Deborah Cass's Contributions to Public and International Law (1 ed.), ANU Press, pp. 179–226, doi:10.2307/j.ctv1j9mjhx.16, JSTOR j.ctv1j9mjhx.16, S2CID 241304498, retrieved 18 December 2021
  6. ^ Uhr, John (2002). "Explicating the Australian Senate". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 8 (3): 3–26. doi:10.1080/714003923. ISSN 1357-2334. S2CID 145705033.
  7. ^ Macdonald, Emma (7 January 2001). "Rising Above the Genteel Rumble of the Pink Palace". Canberra Times. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. p. 18. ProQuest 1016152950. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Macmillan, Jade (10 September 2019). "Gender equality set to be achieved in the Senate for the first time". Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 14 September 2019.

References

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